Review of technology specific degradation in crystalline silicon, cadmium telluride, copper indium gallium selenide, dye sensitised, organic and perovskite solar cells in photovoltaic modules: Understanding how reliability improvements in mature technologies can enhance emerging technologies

A comprehensive understanding of failure modes solar photovoltaic (PV) modules is key to extending their operational lifetime in the field. In this review, first, specific associated with mature PV technologies, such as crystalline silicon (c-Si), copper indium gallium selenide (CIGS) and cadmium telluride (CdTe), are framed by sources modes, development from early-developmental stages onwards impact upon long term performance modules. These sorted both technology location occurrence modules, substrate, encapsulant, front rear electrode, absorber interlayers. The second part review focused on emerging perovskites cells, dye sensitised organic PVs, where due low medium readiness levels, long-term degradation mechanisms have not fully emerged, most only partially understood. However, an in-depth summary known stability challenges each presented. Finally, paper, lessons learned technologies reviewed, considerations given how these might be applied further technologies. Namely, any must eventually pass industry-standard qualification tests, while warranties for modern c-Si-based extended beyond existing warranted life 25 years.